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The economy of Japan is the third largest in the world by nominal GDP,〔(【引用サイトリンク】 title=GDP (current US$) )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】 title=GDP (OFFICIAL EXCHANGE RATE) )〕 the fourth largest by purchasing power parity and is the world's second largest developed economy. According to the International Monetary Fund, the country's per capita GDP (PPP) was at $36,899, the 22nd-highest in 2013.〔(【引用サイトリンク】 title=World Economic Outlook Database-October 2013 )〕 Japan is a member of the G7. The Japanese economy is forecasted by the Quarterly Tankan survey of business sentiment conducted by the Bank of Japan. Nikkei 225 presents the monthly report of top Blue chip (stock market) equities on Japan Exchange Group.〔http://indexes.nikkei.co.jp/en/nkave/newsroom〕 Due to a volatile currency exchange rate, Japan's GDP as measured in dollars fluctuates widely. Accounting for these fluctuations through use of the Atlas method, Japan is estimated to have a GDP per capita of around $38,490. Japan is the world's third largest automobile manufacturing country,〔(【引用サイトリンク】 title=2013 PRODUCTION STATISTICS – FIRST 6 MONTHS )〕 has the largest electronics goods industry, and is often ranked among the world's most innovative countries leading several measures of global patent filings. Facing increasing competition from China and South Korea, manufacturing in Japan today now focuses primarily on high-tech and precision goods, such as optical instruments, hybrid vehicles, and robotics. Besides the Kantō region, the Kansai region is one of the leading industrial clusters and manufacturing centers for the Japanese economy. Japan is the world's largest creditor nation, generally running an annual trade surplus and having a considerable net international investment surplus. As of 2010, Japan possesses 13.7% of the world's private financial assets (the second largest in the world) at an estimated $14.6 trillion. As of 2013, 62 of the Fortune Global 500 companies are based in Japan. ==Overview of economy== In the three decades of economic development following 1960, Japan ignored defense spending in favor of economic growth,〔http://www.jei.org/AJAclass/JEcon20thC.pdf〕〔http://assets.cambridge.org/052166/2915/sample/0521662915wsn01.pdf〕 thus allowing for a rapid economic growth referred to as the Japanese post-war economic miracle. By the guidance of Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry, with average growth rates of 10% in the 1960s, 5% in the 1970s, and 4% in the 1980s, Japan was able to establish and maintain itself as the world's second largest economy from 1978 until 2010, when it was supplanted by the People's Republic of China. By 1990, income per capita in Japan equalled or surpassed that in most countries in the West. However, in the second half of the 1980s, rising stock and real estate prices caused the economic bubble to the Japanese economy by Bank of Japan. The economic bubble came to an abrupt end as the Tokyo Stock Exchange crashed in 1990–92 and real estate prices peaked in 1991. Growth in Japan throughout the 1990s at 1.5% was slower than growth in other major developed economies, giving rise to the term Lost Decade. Nonetheless, GDP per capita growth from 2001-2010 has still managed to outpace Europe and the United States. But Japan public debt remains a daunting task for the Japanese government due to excessive borrowing, social welfare spending with an aging society and lack of economic/industrial growth in recent years to contribute to the tax revenue. The scenario of "Abandoned homes" continues to spread from rural areas to urban areas in Japan.〔http://www.japantimes.co.jp/community/2012/05/12/our-lives/can-japans-countryside-be-saved-from-the-edge-of-extinction/#.VfZB0vmSzKB〕〔http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2014/01/07/national/abandoned-homes-a-growing-menace/#.VfZB2fmSzKA〕〔http://www.japantimes.co.jp/community/2015/05/10/issues/perfect-storm-factors-conspires-empty-japan/#.VfZB5PmSzKA〕〔http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/2/79297b7e-24c6-11e5-bd83-71cb60e8f08c.html#axzz3lgHNoRdK〕〔http://www.tofugu.com/2015/03/06/japanese-countryside-emptying/〕 Japanese economy rebounded under Junichirō Koizumi by acting against bad debts with commercial banks and privatize the postal savings system. Abenomics has thus far given the economy of Japan an unsteady growth.〔http://www.wsj.com/articles/japans-economy-shrinks-annualized-1-6-in-second-quarter-1439769883〕 The issue of export-oriented economy from the Japanese currency intervention causes the effect of improving export but reduces import due to weaker Yen by the Japanese government.〔https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL33178.pdf〕 The ICT industry has generated the major outputs to the Japanese economy.〔http://www.jetro.go.jp/en/invest/attract/pdf/e_ict.pdf〕〔https://members.weforum.org/pdf/gitr/2.3.pdf〕〔http://www.connectivityscorecard.org/images/uploads/media/CS2011_Japan.pdf〕〔http://www.itu.int/net/pressoffice/backgrounders/general/pdf/5.pdf〕 Japan is the second largest music market in the world (for more, see Japan Hot 100). Manga cafe business expands to 2000 stores nationwide in Japan in 2002.〔http://www.tjf.or.jp/newsletter/pdf_en/NL33_JCN.pdf〕〔http://www.japan-guide.com/e/e2025_manga_kissa.html〕 With fewer children in the aging Japan, Japanese Anime industry is facing growing Chinese competition in the targeted Chinese market.〔http://www.nhk.or.jp/bunken/english/reports/pdf/report_13020101.pdf〕 Japanese Manga industry (from the Japanese Manga (and anime) profession 〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=学部共通科目 - マンガ学部 )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=京都精華大学 マンガ学部 卒業制作 )〕) enjoys popularity in most of the Asian markets. Local gourmets of 47 Prefectures of Japan are guided and promoted by Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (Japan).〔http://www.rdpc.or.jp/kyoudoryouri100/ryouri/pdf/japan'stastysecrets.pdf〕 Japan Cup in the Tokyo Racecourse is one of the richest horse racing in the world.〔http://japanracing.jp/en/information/jai/japan-cup/prize.html〕 A mountainous, volcanic island country, Japan has inadequate natural resources to support its growing economy and large population, and therefore exports goods in which it has a comparative advantage such as engineering-oriented, Research and Development-led industrial products in exchange for the import of raw materials and petroleum. Japan is among the top-three importers for agricultural products in the world next to the European Union and United States in total volume for covering of its own domestic agricultural consumption.〔http://www.oecd.org/trade/agriculturaltrade/38893266.pdf〕 Japan is the world’s largest single national importer of fish and fishery products.〔http://www.fao.org/docrep/013/i1820e/i1820e01.pdf〕〔http://www.fao.org/docrep/016/i2727e/i2727e01.pdf〕〔http://injapan.no/marine/files/2012/03/Miyahara-FA.pdf〕 Tokyo Metropolitan Central Wholesale Market is the largest wholesale market for primary products in Japan, including the renowned Tsukiji fish market. Japanese whaling, ostensibly for research purposes, has been challenged as illegal under international law. Although many kinds of minerals were extracted throughout the country, most mineral resources had to be imported in the postwar era. Local deposits of metal-bearing ores were difficult to process because they were low grade. The nation's large and varied forest resources, which covered 70 percent of the country in the late 1980s, were not utilized extensively. Because of political decisions on local, prefectural, and national levels, Japan decided not to exploit its forest resources for economic gain. Domestic sources only supplied between 25 and 30 percent of the nation's timber needs. Agriculture and fishing were the best developed resources, but only through years of painstaking investment and toil. The nation therefore built up the manufacturing and processing industries to convert raw materials imported from abroad. This strategy of economic development necessitated the establishment of a strong economic infrastructure to provide the needed energy, transportation, communications, and technological know-how. Deposits of gold, magnesium, and silver meet current industrial demands, but Japan is dependent on foreign sources for many of the minerals essential to modern industry. Iron ore, copper, bauxite, and alumina must be imported, as well as many forest products. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Economy of Japan」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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